Japanese Particle System Documentation

Particle	Function	Position	Example
は (wa)	Topic marker	After what you're talking about	私は学生です
が (ga)	Subject marker	After who/what does action	雨が降ります
を (wo)	Object marker	Before the verb	本を読みます
に (ni)	Target/location	Before destination/time	家に帰ります
で (de)	Action location	Before the action	公園で遊ぶ
の (no)	Possession	Between related nouns	私の本
と (to)	With/and	After companion/quote	友達と行く
も (mo)	Also/too	Same as は/が	私も行きます

Core Type Declaration Particles

は (wa) - Topic Declaration

Validates that an entity can serve as the topic of discourse. Functions like a type declaration that establishes scope.

interface TopicParticle {
  role: "context_establishment"
  scope: "discourse_level"
  persistence: "until_new_topic"
  constraints: {
    position: "post_nominal"
    uniqueness: "one_per_scope"
  }
}

Example implementations:

私は学生です。
(I [topic] student am.)
Type validation: "私" declared as discourse topic

本は面白いです。
(Book [topic] interesting is.)
Type validation: "本" declared as discourse topic

が (ga) - Subject Declaration

Validates that an entity can serve as the grammatical subject of the current action scope.

interface SubjectParticle {
  role: "action_source"
  scope: "clause_level"
  persistence: "current_action"
  constraints: {
    position: "post_nominal"
    uniqueness: "one_per_clause"
  }
}

Example implementations:

雨が降っています。
(Rain [subject] falling-is.)
Type validation: "雨" declared as action source

誰が来ましたか。
(Who [subject] came?)
Type validation: "誰" declared as action source

を (wo) - Direct Object Declaration

Validates that an entity can serve as the direct object of an action.

interface ObjectParticle {
  role: "action_target"
  scope: "verb_level"
  persistence: "current_action"
  constraints: {
    position: "pre_verb"
    requires: "transitive_verb"
  }
}

Example implementations:

本を読みます。
(Book [object] read.)
Type validation: "本" declared as action target

水を飲みます。
(Water [object] drink.)
Type validation: "水" declared as action target

Relationship Type Particles

の (no) - Association Declaration

Validates that two entities can form an associative relationship.

interface AssociationParticle {
  role: "entity_association"
  scope: "phrase_level"
  persistence: "compound_duration"
  constraints: {
    position: "between_nominals"
    chainable: true
  }
}

Example implementations:

私の本
(My [assoc] book)
Type validation: Association between "私" and "本"

学校の先生の家
(School [assoc] teacher [assoc] house)
Type validation: Chained associations

に (ni) - Target/Location Declaration

Validates that an entity can serve as a target point or location.

interface TargetParticle {
  role: "destination_or_target"
  scope: "verb_level"
  persistence: "action_duration"
  constraints: {
    position: "pre_verb"
    compatible_verbs: ["motion", "existence", "target_action"]
  }
}

Example implementations:

学校に行きます。
(School [target] go.)
Type validation: "学校" declared as movement target

机に本があります。
(Desk [location] book exists.)
Type validation: "机" declared as existence location

Modifier Type Particles

で (de) - Context Declaration

Validates that an entity can serve as the context (means, location, time) for an action.

interface ContextParticle {
  role: "action_context"
  scope: "clause_level"
  persistence: "action_duration"
  constraints: {
    position: "pre_verb"
    context_types: ["means", "location", "time"]
  }
}

Example implementations:

公園で遊びます。
(Park [context] play.)
Type validation: "公園" declared as action location

ペンで書きます。
(Pen [context] write.)
Type validation: "ペン" declared as action means

と (to) - Conjunction/Quotation Declaration

Validates that entities can be conjoined or content can be quoted.

interface ConjunctionParticle {
  role: "conjunction_or_quotation"
  scope: "phrase_level"
  persistence: "compound_duration"
  constraints: {
    position: "post_nominal" | "post_quote"
    chainable: true
  }
}

Example implementations:

友達と話します。
(Friend [with] talk.)
Type validation: "友達" declared as co-participant

「はい」と言いました。
("Yes" [quote] said.)
Type validation: "はい" declared as quoted content

Implementation Notes

1. Particle Stacking Particles can be combined to create complex type declarations:

私からの手紙
(Me [from][assoc] letter)
Type validation: Compound relationship declaration

2. Context Inheritance Topic declarations (は) persist until explicitly changed:

私は学生です。日本語を勉強します。
(I [topic] student am. Japanese [object] study.)
Type validation: "私" remains active topic

3. Type Conflicts Some particles cannot co-occur due to type conflicts:

*私はが学生です。
(*I [topic][subject] student am.)
Type validation: Failed - conflicting type declarations

4. Implicit Types Context can allow particle omission when type is clear:

水(を)飲みます。
(Water (implied object) drink.)
Type validation: Object type inferred from context

Usage Guidelines

1. Start with core type declarations (は、が、を)
2. Add relationship types as needed (の、に)
3. Incorporate context modifiers (で、と)
4. Practice type validation through error detection
5. Build complex type combinations gradually

Remember: Particles are not just grammar points but a robust type system that ensures semantic validity in Japanese sentences.